The 50-page report, entitled The ugly side of the beautiful game: Labour exploitation on a Qatar 2022 World Cup venue, is extremely critical of what Amnesty International claims to be FIFA’s indifference to appalling treatment of migrant workers.

It is based on interviews with 132 migrant construction workers rebuilding Khalifa International Stadium, which is set to be the first venue completed for the tournament and has been slated to host a semi-final.

A further 99 migrants who worked in landscaping the green spaces in the surrounding Aspire Zone sports complex were also interviewed. 

Every single construction and landscape worker who spoke to Amnesty International reported abuse of one kind or another, including being forced to live in squalid and cramped accommodation and being required to pay large fees - $500 (£347/€442) to $4,300 (£3,000/€3,800) - to recruiters in their home country to obtain a job in Qatar.

They also complained of being deceived as to the pay or type of work on offer, as well as not being paid for several months, employers not giving or renewing residence permits, firms confiscating workers' passports and not issuing exit permits, and being threatened for complaining about their conditions.

In December of last year, Amnesty International accused Qatar 2022 and FIFA of doing too little to address "rampant migrant labour abuse".

It came after the publication of high death toll figures among migrant workers, with it claimed as many as 1,200 may have died since 2010.

It is estimated the number of people working on World Cup sites is set to surge almost 10-fold to around 36,000 in the next two years.

"The abuse of migrant workers is a stain on the conscience of world football," said Amnesty International secretary general Salil Shetty.

"For players and fans, a World Cup stadium is a place of dreams.

"For some of the workers who spoke to us, it can feel like a living nightmare.

"Indebted, living in squalid camps in the desert, paid a pittance, the lot of migrant workers contrasts sharply to that of the top-flight footballers who will play in the stadium.

"All workers want are their rights: to be paid on time, leave the country if need be and be treated with dignity and respect."

"Despite five years of promises, FIFA has failed almost completely to stop the World Cup being built on human rights abuses.

"Hosting the World Cup has helped Qatar promote itself as an elite destination to some of the world’s biggest clubs.

"But world football cannot turn a blind eye to abuse in the facilities and stadiums where the game is played.

"If FIFA’s new leadership is serious about turning a page, it cannot allow its showcase global event to take place in stadiums built on the abuse of migrant workers."

In a response to a letter on the investigations carried out by Amnesty Interntional, FIFA's head of sustainability, Federico Addiechi, said: "We take them very seriously and acknowledge our responsibility to ensure human rights are respected in the context of preparing for and carrying out the tournament."

Amnesty International uncovered evidence that the staff of one labour supply company used the threat of penalties to exact work from some migrants such as withholding pay, handing workers over to the police or stopping them from leaving Qatar - amounting to forced labour under international law.

The workers, mostly from Bangladesh, India and Nepal, spoke to Amnesty International in Qatar between February and May last year.

When Amnesty International researchers returned to Qatar last month, some of the workers had been moved to better accommodation and had their passports returned by companies responding to the findings, but other abuses are said to have not been addressed.

Qatar’s kafala sponsorship system, under which migrant workers cannot change jobs or leave the country without their employer’s or sponsor’s permission, is said to be at the heart of many abuses.

Amnesty International has warned that a much-touted reform of the sponsorship system, announced late last year, will do little to alter the power dynamics between migrant workers and their employers.

A metal worker from India who worked on the Khalifa International Stadium refurbishment complained when he was not paid for several months but said he only received threats from his employer.

"He just shouted abuse at me and said that if I complained again I’d never leave the country," said Nabeel, whose name has been changed to protect identity.

"Ever since I have been careful not to complain about my salary or anything else.

"Of course, if I could I would change jobs or leave Qatar."

Some of the Nepali workers told Amnesty International they were not even allowed to visit their loved ones after the earthquake in April of last year that devastated their country leaving thousands dead and millions displaced.

Amnesty International is calling on major World Cup sponsors such as Adidas, Coca-Cola and McDonald’s to pressure FIFA to address the exploitation of workers on the Khalifa International Stadium, and disclose its plan for preventing further abuses in World Cup projects.

The Non-Governmental Organisation believes FIFA should push Qatar to publish a comprehensive reform plan before World Cup construction peaks in mid-2017.

Essential steps, in Amnesty International’s opinion, include removing employers' power to stop foreign employees from changing jobs or leaving the country, proper investigations into the conditions of workers and stricter penalties for abusive companies.

FIFA itself should carry out, and publish, its own regular independent inspections of labour conditions in Qatar, according to Amnesty International. 

Qatar’s Supreme Committee for Delivery and Legacy, the organisation responsible for World Cup 2022 and ultimately for stadium construction, published Workers’ Welfare Standards in 2014.

They require companies working on World Cup projects to deliver better standards for workers than are provided for under Qatari law.

"The Supreme Committee has shown commitment to workers' rights and its welfare standards have the potential to help," said Shetty.

"But it is struggling to enforce those standards.

"In a context where the Qatari Government is apathetic and FIFA is indifferent, it will be almost impossible for the World Cup to be staged without abuse."

Qatar secured the hosting rights to the 2022 World Cup in December 2010, at the same meeting where Russia were awarded the 2018 edition. 

Both processes, however, have been overshadowed by claims of vote-buying and wrongdoing.

Amnesty International's report can be accessed by clicking here.