Having come close in Berlin last week, Shields shaved 0.1sec off his time to become the first American to dip under 22sec in the event, breaking Dressel's record by 0.05sec.

Shields won in 21.99, just 0.24sec off the world record, while Hungary's Szebasztián Szabó, who has the fourth-fastest time in history, finished second in 22.24 and Russia's Vladimir Morozov finished third in 22.52.

Shields won a second event on the night in the men's 100 backstroke, dismantling the field and winning by more than a second in 50.50.

Isreal's Yakov Toumarkin came in second in 51.64, three tenths slower than his attempt in Berlin, and the US' Daniel Diehl came third in 52.27.

There was another national record-breaking performance in the women's 200m backstroke as The Netherlands' Kira Toussaint powered home in 2min 2.09sec to break the Dutch national record of 10 years by nearly half a second.

Australia's Minna Atherton came second in 2:02.39, with America's Kennedy Noble third in 2:05.33.

Perhaps the most anticipated contest of the evening was between South Africa's young sensation Matthew Sates and Australia's dominant swimmer of the moment, Kyle Chalmers, in the men's 200m freestyle.

The race did not disappoint, as Sates upset the Australian heavyweight, flying home in 1:41.51, just under a second behind the world junior record he broke last week.

Chalmers narrowly missed out on the win, just 0.09sec behind Sates, with Hungary's Kristóf Milák third in a personal best by more than two seconds of 1:42.61.

Sates' victory over Chalmers was his second of the night after he continued his domination of the 400m individual medley in the opening race of the day, winning by almost five seconds ahead of Balázs Holló of Hungary.

Emma McKeon produced yet another statement swim in the women's 100m freestyle.

The Australian shaved yet another 0.38sec off her personal best to move within 0.33sec of Cate Campbell's world record, set in 2017.

McKeon won comfortably, nearly two seconds ahead of Michelle Coleman of Sweden and compatriot Madi Wilson in second and third respectively.

Two-time silver medallist from Tokyo in the 100m and 200m, Arno Kamminga continued his dominance of the men's breaststroke events at FINA World Cups in the absence of Adam Peaty.

Kamminga won the 50, 100 and 200m in Berlin, before securing the 200m victory here to add to his 100m victory and 50m second place.

In 2:02.07, Kamminga won the 200m by almost four seconds.

There were other wins for Russia’s Nika Godun in the women's 50m breaststroke, America's Linnea Mack in the women's 100m butterfly, and Switzerland's Maria Ugolkova in the women's 200m individual medley.